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Several terms fall under the flight safety topic of runway safety, including incursion, excursion, and confusion. Runway excursion is an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This can happen because of pilot error, poor weather, or a fault with the aircraft. Overrun is a type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway. A recent example of such an event is Air France Flight 358 in 2005. Further examples can be found in the . Runway event is another term for a runway accident. Runway incursion involves a first aircraft, as well as a second aircraft, vehicle, or person. It is defined by both the U.S. FAA and ICAO as "Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft."〔http://www.faa.gov/runwaysafety/ FAA Runway Safety webpage, Retrieved 2008-12-14.〕〔(FAA Runway Safety ), Retrieved 2009-04-02〕 Runway confusion involves a single aircraft, and is used to describe the error when the aircraft makes "the unintentional use of the wrong runway, or a taxiway, for landing or take-off".〔http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/03/14/222239/comment-safety-excursions.html "Safety Excursions", FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved 2008-12-15.〕 Notable examples of a runway confusion incidents include Singapore Airlines Flight 006 and Comair Flight 5191. Runway excursion is the most frequent type of landing accident, slightly ahead of runway incursion.〔http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/03/14/222223/runway-excursion-most-frequent-type-of-landing-accident-flight-safety.html "Runway excursion most frequent type of landing accident: Flight Safety Foundation " FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved 2008-12-14.〕 For runway accidents recorded between 1995 and 2007, 96% were of the 'excursion' type.〔 The U.S. FAA publishes an annual report on runway safety issues, available from the FAA website.〔〔(Various runway safety reports )〕〔(Runway Safety Statistics )〕 New systems designed to improve runway safety, such as Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) and Runway Awareness and Advisory System (RAAS), are discussed in the report. AMASS prevented the serious near-collision in the 2007 San Francisco International Airport runway incursion. The U.S. FAA has also conducted a study about civilizing 3D military thrust vectoring to recover jet liners from catastrophes 〔“Multiaxis Thrust Vectoring Flight Control Vs Catastrophic Failure Prevention”, Reports to U.S. Dept. of Transportation/FAA, Technical Center, ACD-210, FAA X88/0/6FA/921000/4104/T1706D, FAA Res. Benjamin Gal-Or, Grant-Award No: 94-G-24, CFDA, No. 20.108, Dec. 26, 1994; "Vectored Propulsion, Supermanoeuvreability, and Robot Aircraft", by Benjamin Gal-Or, Springer Verlag, 1990, ISBN 0-387-97161-0, 3-540-97161-0.〕 Runway condition describes a runway's current status in relation to current meteorological conditions and air safety. *Dry: the surface of the runway is clear of water, snow or ice. *Damp: change of color on the surface due to moisture. *Wet: the surface of the runway is soaked but there are no significant patches of standing water. *Water patches: patches of standing water are visible. *Flooded: there is extensive standing water. According to the JAR definition, a runway with water patches or that is flooded is considered to be contaminated. Some instruments for runway safety include ILS, LLWAS, Microwave landing system, Transponder landing system, as well as Runway Awareness and Advisory System. ==See also== Runway safety area 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Runway safety」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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